eye drop expiration after opening chart

(2020), here is the most recent list of abbreviations to avoid: The rules regarding not using these abbreviations applies to all orders and medication-related documentation that is handwritten (including free-text computer entry) or on pre-printed forms. A good way to know if eye drops are no longer good is if they look cloudy or change color in any way. Yes, the eye drops expire. Do not take shortcuts. However, once your eye drops are opened, you should throw them away after three months of use, Do not touch the eye with the dropper. For instance, a poor-quality eye drop may cause a number of issues such as inflammation or even blindness. Familiarize yourself with your facility's list of high-risk medications, check and recheck physician's orders, ask for help when you are unsure if an order is correct or if the resident is showing signs/symptoms of an adverse reaction. Your eyes are precious, so its important to keep them feeling healthy! Tariq, R., & Scherbak, Y. See how our expertise and rigorous standards can help organizations like yours. Patients usually experience very little to no side effects when using drops that have passed their expiration date However, this largely depends on whether or not the bottle has ever been opened. Assesses resident's ability to perform routine A.D.L.s. (NCCMERP). Examples of acceptable practices may include: This page was last updated on September 28, 2022. When not reporting on a story, you can find MK writing fiction. Some may need to be stored at room temperature while others may require refrigeration. That policy is for MDV intended for parenteral administration. Breo Ellipta Fluticasone/Vilanterol 6 weeks after removal from foil tray. Have resident rinse their mouth after doses are administered. When the product is designed for multi-dose/multi-patient use, preparation should occur in a clean, uncluttered and functionally separate area to avoid contamination. Heparin is the most common anticoagulant used in long-term care. Be sure to check and recheck the concentration. ChildrenUse and dose must be determined by your doctor. Always discard your drops on or before the expiration date to avoid any potential issues. Official Do Not Use Abbreviations Some of the abbreviations we use for medication passes are not utilized anymore, as they can cause confusion and increase the risk of medication errors. Because the preservatives keeping the eye drops sterile have weakened over time, germs could contaminate the bottle after opening and cause eye infections, she says. She gave the resident the injection and the resident finally calmed down and fell asleep. Get more information about cookies and how you can refuse them by clicking on the learn more button below. Medicine Classification Prescription Medicine Package Quantities ALPHAGAN (brimonidine tartrate) 0.2% eye drops are supplied in white opaque plastic dropper bottles (5 mL). It is typically considered safe and effective to continue using these eye drops until the expiration date has passed. Eye drops usually expire about one to two years after the manufacturing date. Studies show that giving drugs at incorrect times results in 30-40% of all drug errors (Tariq & Scherbak, 2019; Gorgich et al., 2016). The following cookies are also needed - You can choose if you want to allow them: This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. In Clear Eyes Redness Relief eye drops, for example, the active chemical ingredients of glycerin (the lubricant) and naphazoline hydrochloride (the redness reliever) eventually break down, meaning they'll be less effective and safe. Through leading practices, unmatched knowledge and expertise, we help organizations across the continuum of care lead the way to zero harm. (2019). | Doing this results in the drug not working for the patient as it should. Bringing an old dropper with eye drops near your eyes is a risk factor for spreading germs. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine. Click to enable/disable _gat_* - Google Analytics Cookie. Before we continue with the med pass, let's review residents' rights regarding medications: Keeping these rights in mind while passing medications helps the residents keep their dignity. This peer reviewed course is applicable for the following professions: Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN), Certified Nurse Practitioner, Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS), Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN), Licensed Vocational Nurses (LVN), Nursing Student, Registered Nurse (RN), Registered Nurse Practitioner, This course will be updated or discontinued on or before Saturday, September 30, 2023. But some eye drops are different and should be thrown away a specified number of days after opening. When our CMS surveyor was here she stated that the eye drops did NOT have to abide by the 28 day from opening expiration date. Rocklatan eye drops are available in a multi-use dropper bottle that comes in one strength: 0.02% netarsudil/0.005% latanoprost. This may be a controversial question, but most eye-care professionals would recommend not reusing expired eye drops. Adults and children 1 year of age and olderUse 1 drop in the affected eye every two to four hours, while you are awake, for two days. Some eye drops can reduce redness or lubricate the eyes to minimize dryness, while others are meant to relieve itchiness from allergies. You always need a witness when wasting narcotics. Once the bottle is opened, it can start to degrade with exposure to oxygen. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. You should avoid using expired eye drops as they could potentially cause harm to your eyes. More specifically, do NOT, under any circumstances, try to pre-pour medications to save time. (2017). Do not perform blood sugar checks or administer medications in the common areas of the facility. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Do not give the medication until you know the order is correct and the order has been corrected on the MAR. Tilt the head back and with the index finger of one hand, press gently on the skin just beneath the lower eyelid and pull the lower eyelid away from the eye to make a space. Sound familiar? In addition to accreditation, certification, and verification, we provide tools and resources for health care professionals that can help make a difference in the delivery of care. That policy is for MDV intended for parenteral administration. It is especially important to monitor medication dosing carefully, particularly if dosing adjustments are necessary because of narrow therapeutic windows. Infants up to 1 year of ageUse and dose must be determined by your doctor. Never an eye drops after their expiry date. You must be logged in to reply to this topic. Make sure the resident is sitting up before giving the medications. To use the eye drops (solution and gel): First, wash your hands. The consequences of applying this solution could be dire. If a PRN is given, mark the time, dose, reason, and then go back after 1 hour to recheck the effectiveness. Eardrops were dispensed as eye drops following cataract surgery. Some of the abbreviations we use for medication passes are not utilized anymore, as they can cause confusion and increase the risk of medication errors. When she asked the unit manager why the nurses were allowed to pre-pour medications, the manager answered, "that is actually not allowed." Let's explore the duties of a long-term care nurse. If you think you did not get the drop of medicine into your eyes properly, use another drop. However, once your eye drops are opened, you should throw them away after three months of use, as there is a greater risk of contamination. The expiration date represents how long the medication is expected to stay effective so it can be consumed without being spoiled or contaminated. List the resident rights for medication pass. Drop the medicine into this space. There are some useful takeaways from the article. According to Haugsdal, other concerns of using expired eye drops could compriseredness and blurred vision as a result of the irritation caused by the broken down chemicals. That is why eye and vision experts warn against using expired eye drops. Click to enable/disable _gid - Google Analytics Cookie. (NOTE: Some approval agencies and organizations require you to take a test and self reflection is NOT an option. Take test and pass with a score of at least 80%. To earn of certificate of completion you have one of two options: Adult Obesity: An Overview to Adult Obesity, Advanced Financial Concepts in Healthcare: Medicare and Medicaid, Adverse Reactions to Contrast Agents: Dispelling the Myths, Age Specific Guidelines for Non-Nursing Healthcare Professionals, AIDS/HIV Four Hour, Current Evidence Based Practice, AIDS/HIV One Hour, Current Evidence Based Practice, Allergy versus side effects: The Confusion Must Stop, Alzheimer's, Dementia, and Related Issues, Annual Regulatory Requirements, Current Practice, Assaultive Behavior and Workplace Violence, Assistance with Self-Administration: Medication Savvy for Nursing Assistants, Bioterrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction, Bullying: Real-life strategies to reduce the frequency and impact of bullying in healthcare, Business Management for the Healthcare Professional, Calling The Doctor Should Not Be This Hard, Care of the Patient with Intellectual Disability (Mental Retardation), Care of the Patient with Kidney and Renal Disease, Care of the Patient with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, CDC Guidelines for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain, Cerebrovascular Accident: Time is of the Essence, Child Abuse: New York Mandated Reporter Training, Child Abuse: Pennsylvania Mandated Reporter Training, 2 hours - License Renewal, Child Abuse: Pennsylvania Mandated Reporter Training, 3 hours - Initial Licensure, Controlled Substance Prescribing: The Tennessee Chronic Pain Guidelines, Cultural Competency for Nursing Assistants, Home Health Aides, and Medical Assistants, Dependent Adult Abuse (Elder Abuse) for CNAs, HHAs, and MAs, Diagnoses and Treatment of Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), Domestic Violence, Sexual Violence, Intimate Partner Violence, Domestic Violence, Sexual Violence, Intimate Partner Violence (Kentucky), Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68): Unraveling the Mystery, Fall Prevention Education for Community-Dwelling Older Adults, Fire, Safety and OSHA Training for the CNA and HHA, Guideline for Prescribing Opioids: Oklahoma Requirement, Handwriting: More Than Fine Motor Coordination, Healthcare Economics for Executives and Managers, Heart Failure Series: Part 1- Definitions and Classifications, Heart Failure Series: Part 2- Chronic Heart Failure, Heart Failure Series: Part 3- Acute Heart Failure, Heart Failure Series: Part 4- Management and Treatment, HIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, Home Safety Evaluations for Healthcare Professionals, How Screen Time Affects Our Patients: Healthcare Practitioners Need to Know, Impairment in the Workplace: Substance Abuse, Improving Customer Service for Healthcare Professionals, Infection Control and Barrier Precautions, Jurisprudence and Ethics for Nurses Licensed in Texas, Laws and Rules: Florida Board of Occupational Therapy, Laws and Rules: Florida Respiratory Care Board, Long-term Care Nursing: Admission and Medicare Documentation, LPN IV Series: Blood and Blood Products Transfusion, LPN IV Series: Homeostasis and Regulatory Functions Relationship to IV Therapy, LPN IV Series: Venipuncture and Maintenance, Medical Record Documentation and Legal Aspects for CNAs and HHAs, Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Associated with COVID-19, New York Mandatory Education for Prescribing Controlled Substances, Non-Heart Failure Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (non-HF ARDS), Ohio Law Governing Drugs and Prescriptive Therapy, Ohio Nurse Practice Act: 1 Hour Category A, Ohio Nurse Practice Act: 2 Hour Category A, Opioid Prescribing and Substance Abuse, 10hr, OSHA Hazard Communication and Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens, OSHA Hazard Communication, Fire and Safety Requirements for Healthcare Professionals, Osteoarthritis (degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease): A Nursing Perspective, Ostomatology: Colostomy, ileostomy, urostomy, Pain Assessment and Management: Massachusetts, Patient Energy Conservation to Facilitate Increased Independence, Patient Safety and Assessment: Safe Use of Assistive Devices, Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma (Shaken Baby Syndrome), Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters (PICC), Personal Care of Patients for CNAs and HHAs. Tilt the head back and, pressing your finger gently on the skin just beneath the lower eyelid, pull the lower eyelid away from the eye to make a space. For pain medications, don't forget to document the pain level before it is given and then after 1 hour. Over time, these chemicals could degrade and change into potentially harmful compounds, says Jaclyn Haugsdal, MD, a vision and eye care expert at the University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics. Pre-pouring medications are against regulations. Gorgich, E., Barfroshan, S., & Ghoreishi, G. (2016). It's generally safe and effective to use these eye drops until their expiration date. Preservatives are added to eye drops to ensure that theyremainsterile until the end of their shelf life. Learn about the development and implementation of standardized performance measures. By not making a selection you will be agreeing to the use of our cookies. If it is unopened, Visine will go bad after 2 years. Portions of this document last updated: Feb. 01, 2023. You should never use expired drops, as they may lead to side effects like irritation, inflammation, and even an eye infection. Eye drops are saline-based solutions with added medicines in them. ), Q.O.D., Q.O.D., q.o.d, qod(every other day), Period after the Q mistaken for "I" and the "O" mistaken for "I", Can mean morphine sulfate or magnesium sulfate. Use standard measuring devices such as syringes, graduated cups, or scaled droppers. (ISMP). We can make a difference on your journey to provide consistently excellent care for each and every patient. Due to physiological changes, particularly in hepatic metabolism and renal elimination, dosing in the elderly population can be challenging. What is your understanding? If medication was NOT prepared in a clean, uncluttered functionally separate area it should be discarded after use. Single-dose medications can only be used on one patient. The preservatives that keep eye drops sterile have degraded over time, and bacteria could contaminate the container once it is opened, causing eye infections, according to her research findings. And, eye drops have a limited shelf life, to begin with, so if theyve been sitting around for a while, there is a risk that theyll be contaminated or have bacteria in them. Different kinds of eye drops have different expiration dates and should be discarded accordingly. every 12 hours and verified it had not been given for almost 36 hours. Substantive changes to accreditation requirements are also published in the Perspective Newsletter that is available to all Joint Commission accredited organizations. Primitive Reflexes: Why Are They Important? Ask the patient to identify themself, check the name on order, and the patient. No, it is not safe to use expired eye drops because after expiry, they no longer guarantee efficacy. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Check documentation for patient allergies. These are generally meant for one time use. Eye drops without preservatives (usually coming in single-use vials) should be thrown out 24 hours after opening. The risk of using expired eye drops is not worth the health of your eyes. Nurses need to understand why drugs are given at certain times. In the charts below, the brand name is listed in parentheses if it has not yet become The assessment includes vital signs, lung sounds, abdominal sounds, and adverse reactions to medications. The expiration date indicates when the eye drops are no longer guaranteed to be effective or sterile, explains Vivian Shibayama, OD, an eye and vision care expert at UCLA Health and a member of the American Optometric Association. WebThe expiration date on the label 31 Do not refrigerate 31 Novolin 70/30 The expiration date on the label 42 42 Humalog 75/25 The expiration date on the label 28 28 Humalog 50/50 The expiration date on the label 28 28 Novolog 70/30 The expiration date on the label 28 28 Long-Acting Insulin Lantus (glargine) The expiration date on the label 28 28 Therefore,you should discard them three months or 90 daysafter opening even if theyre still inside the expiration date. These cookies collect information that is used either in aggregate form to help us understand how our website is being used or how effective our marketing campaigns are, or to help us customize our website and application for you in order to enhance your experience. Your doctor will indicate the expiration date on your eye drop once opened. Over time, the solution will be filled with bacteria. High-alert medications can be dangerous to your residents. How do preservatives influence expiration of eye drops? Giving drugs at an incorrect time can impact the bioavailability and efficacy of the drug. Types of changes and an explanation of change type: For example, preservative-free medications that come in individual vials have a much higher risk for contamination since there are no chemicals to prevent bacterial growth and should be thrown away 24 hours after opening. What is your understanding? Potter, P., Perry, A., Stockert, & Hall, A. Review only, FAQ is current: Periodic review completed, no changes to content. I wouldnt take expired pills, whether theyve beenopened or not, Shibayama explains. For the best experience, choose your profession & state. Residents (and families) have the right to refuse medication. Eye drops that have been opened have a shelf life of only 28 days. Home neve Do Eye Drops Expire? Furthermore, many eye drops contain preservatives, which assist them to last longer and prevent the spread of germs and bacteria. If you refuse cookies we will remove all set cookies in our domain. Studies have shown that expired eye drops can contain bacteria that can cause serious infections. A solid orientation is of the utmost importance and the nurse must feel comfortable asking questions. If drugs need to be crushed, be sure to clean the devices used before and after. Once the seal of the bottle is broken, it becomes susceptible and can become contaminated. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. The dose of this medicine will be different for different patients. Check and make sure the order is correct. All forms of opioids are considered high-risk. The American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) advises that if youve already opened youreye drops, they may have a substantially shorter shelf life. That's because after opening eye drops, the exposure to oxygen can accelerate the degradation of chemical ingredients and cause the solution to weaken. This is non-negotiable based on guidelines and position statements published by the CDC. The main focus is assessing and monitoring the residents' functional status and maintaining or restoring physical health. WebCMS Issues Guidelines Clarifying Expiration Date for Multi-Dose Eye Drops BACK TO INSIGHTS Articles On June 3, 2022, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Contamination and bacterial exposure are potential risks associated with expired eye drops. Keep your cart clean and organized without any personal items. Remember the phrase "to err is human." Ask the floor staff to go to the supervisor with questions as med nurses should not be interrupted during the pass. 2 Contact Hours including 2 Advanced Pharmacology Hours. These preservatives should prevent contamination at least until the expiration date of the medication regardless of when it was opened. See if the pharmacists can split any required pills for safety (Potter et al., 2017). Anti-redness drops also known as decongestants help to clear redness out of the eye. We provide you with a list of stored cookies on your computer in our domain so you can check what we stored. The nurse has two hours to complete the medication pass. After Jane retrieved the Lorazepam from the refrigerator, she drew up the entire 2 ml of the drug, thinking that the concentration was 1 mg/2 ml. Many manufacturers recommend that you throw away eye drops 28 days after opening the bottle. Eye drops, when used and stored according to the instructions on the bottle, will usually be safe and effective up until the expiration date, unless otherwise stated by your eye doctor or noted on your prescription. You always can block or delete cookies by changing your browser settings and force blocking all cookies on this website. Chemical The following information includes only the average doses of this medicine. International Society of Refractive Surgery. All expired eye drops including Visine easily grow bacteria and other microorganisms. In some cases, eye drops can simply lose their effectiveness. Child Abuse: Iowa Mandatory Reporter TrainingAcupunctureAdolescent Holistic Health IssuesAEDActualizacion de las Leyes de la FloridaAnthraxAsthmaBiological and Chemical TerrorismCHF: Eliminating FailureChildhood ImmunizationCreutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)Cuidado PaliativoCultural Diversity Training: EthnogeriatricsDeep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary EmbolismAllergic ReactionsAmyotrophic Lateral SclerosisAttention Deficit and Hyperactivity DisorderBioterrorism and Weapons of Mass DestructionCare of the Surgical PatientChemical Dependence: Substance AbuseCompartment SyndromeCritical Care Environment: Strategies for SuccessCultural Diversity Training: EthnogeriatricsGuillain-Barre' SyndromeHip ArthroplastyHyponatremiaIntroduction to EpidemiologyLegal Nurse Consultant (LNC) Medical Malpractice Case ReviewMajor Trauma AssessmentMiddle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)Neonatal JaundiceNEONATAL THERMOREGULATIONOsteoporosisParasitic Worm InfestationPediatric CompetencyPreventing Central Venous Catheter InfectionsReimbursement Of HealthcareSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)Sleep DisordersTrauma AssessmentTuberculosis in SpanishVentilatorsVon Willebrand DiseaseDomestic Violence (Kentucky)Elder Abuse for Iowa Healthcare ProfessionalsHANDWASHING: CURRENT CDC RECOMMENDATIONSHemodynamic MonitoringHepatitis C in SpanishHypertension In PregnancyLaminectomyLeadership for Healthcare ProfessionalsMagnet StatusMental Retardation; Special Healthcare NeedsNeonatal Cardiac Assessment and congenital Heart DiseaseOsteonecrosis of the Hip: TreatmentPalliative Care and End-of-Life CarePatient Controlled Analgesia (PCA)PICU CompetencyPreparing the Patient for SurgeryRestless Leg SyndromeRestraints and Seclusion in the Psychiatric settingTriage and TreatmentSTD Characterized by Urethritis and CervicitisTransfusion of Blood and Blood ProductsUrinary Tract Infections: The Unappreciated GiantVIOLENCIA DOMESTICA ( Domestic ViolenceAnesthesia Awareness: Awake and AwareAntepartum Fetal AssessmentBody PiercingBudgeting ConceptsCardiomyopathyCaring for Chronically Ill ChildrenChest Tube Drainage SystemsComplete Blood Count (CBC) InterpretationConflict ManagementDepressionEating DisordersEnfermedad de AlzheimerErrores MedicosFibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS)H1N1 Novel Swine Influenza A PandemicHepatitis CPatient Safety and Assessment: Safe Use of Assistive DevicesLDRLegal Nurse Consultant UpdatesNeonatal Glucose Management (pediatricsNeonatal Pain ManagementNeuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: When Drug Therapy Can KillNICU CompetencyOsteonecrosis of the Hip: DiagnosisParkinson's Disease and Deep Brain StimulationPediatric EmergenciesSurgical Patient CarePrevention Of Surgical Site InfectionSexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) Human Papillomavirus Infection (Genital Warts)STD Characterized by Genital UlcersSurgical Site Infection Surveillance (infection co)Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)TriageTuberculosisUTI Uncomplicated: Acute Simple CystitisWeapons of Mass Destruction, CEUfast.com Website News and Updates | A Nurse CE ProviderCEUfast gains accreditation through AOTA | CEUfast NewsCEUFast Launches NYReq.com Solely For New York Required Courses | NewsLowest Cost Nurse Aide CE Subscription in the Industry - CEUFastNew Mexico Nurse CEs Now Reported to CE Broker by CEUfastMandatory Reporter Child Abuse Course for Iowa Professionals | CEUfastCEUfast Releases Two Pennsylvania Mandated Reporter Training Child AbuseFlorida Respiratory Therapists Can Take All of their CEs OnlineMeet Oregon CE Requirement with Our 6 Hour Pain and Management CoursePolypharmacy CE Now Available on CEUFastCEUfast Enhances Courses with 3d4medical AnimationsCEUFast launches new Coronavirus Course to help participants better preventCEUfast Now Accepts PayPal PaymentsCEUfast Now Reports to CE Broker for Georgia NursesWest Virginia Nurse Reporting to CE Broker Now on CEUfastElizabethkingia Anopheles & Elizabethkingia Meningoepticum Nursing CEUDont Mess With Nurses Blog Goes Viral After The View DebacleLyme Disease Cases On the Rise in the NortheastNew Requirement for Florida NursesCEUfast Accommodates Changes to West Virginia CE Renewal RequirementsImportance of infection control shown on CEUfast info graphicCEUfast Now Accepts Google Pay and Apple PayCEUfast now reports to CE Broker for Arkansas nursesCEUfast now reports to CE Broker for South Carolina nursesCEUfast Relaunches Site with New Features and Updated DesignCEUfast sheds lights on the dangers of polypharmacy with new infographic.Introducing Quiz Guru a Fun Learning PlatformNew Florida-required human trafficking course in progressSuicide prevention training courses required in Washington | CEUfast, Pennsylvania Child Abuse CourseAlabama Nursing CEUsArkansas Nursing CEs - Instant reporting to CE BrokerCalifornia Nursing CEUs | CEUfastDelaware Nursing CEsFlorida Nursing CEUsFlorida Nursing CEUs - No Tests RequiredGeorgia Nursing CEUsHawaii Nursing CEUsLouisiana Nursing CEsMichigan Nursing - All Required CEUs | CEUfastMontana Nursing CEsNebraska Nursing CEsNew Jersey Nursing CEsNew Mexico Nursing CEsNorth Dakota Nursing CEsOhio Nursing CEUs | CEUfastPennsylvania Nursing CEUsRhode Island Nursing CEsSouth Carolina Nursing CEsTexas Nursing CEUsUtah Nursing CEsWashington D.C. These instructions may differ once the bottle is opened. Discard eye drops three exactly 3 months after openingsince they may have been contaminated with bacteria. The danger that comes with using expired eye drops is not worth the risk to your vision and your health. But it has always been our understanding that eye drops need to be discarded after 28 days from being opened. Changes will take effect once you reload the page. Monitor for bleeding, chest pain, rapid breathing, and fast heart rate. If theres no expiration date on your bottle, try and estimate how long ago you bought them, and also make sure you take note of this. If you have an order to crush medications, use a pill crusher or mortar and pestle. This action slowed her time down, and now she has to start med pass over again. *Exception: A "trailing zero" may be used only where required to demonstrate the level of precision of the value being reported, such as for laboratory results, imaging studies that report the size of lesions, or catheter/tube sizes. This content does not have an English version. National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention. Preservative-free eye drops. Generally, the expiration date is listed about one to two years after the date of manufacturing, but even the Food and Drug Administration says that this number can be arbitrary. To properly dispose of it, fold it in half with the sticky sides touching and flush it down the toilet (U.S. Food & Drug Administration [FDA], 2018).

Bobby Riggs Pickleball Open Play, Articles E